The proton gradients that power respiration are as universal as the genetic code itself, giving an insight into the origin of life and the singular origin of complexity. Why do virtually all cells ...

A paper by scientists affiliated with the University of São Paulo highlights new discoveries regarding the mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation involved in ATP production. Recent studies have ...

Let’s start with a quick biology refresher: Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. They convert the food we eat into ...

In a popular Indian parable, a few blind men interact with an elephant for the first time and imagine what it looks like. The man touching the tusk may describe the elephant as a spear, while the ...

Nucleotide synthesis—the production of the basic components of DNA and RNA—is essential for cell growth and division. In most ...

The ER is the protein synthesis and processing center of a cell. There are two types of ER in a cell: rough ER and smooth ER. The rough ER membrane is studded with ribosomes, which are molecular ...